3g Wireless Communication Technology - 5188 Words

An Essay on 3G Wireless Communication Technology Branch: EEE The advent of Wireless Communication Communication has been one of the most fundamental aspects of human development. It took the eccentric genius of Nikola Tesla to come up with the design of the first radio transmitter in 1891. The first transatlantic radio communication in 1901 was a sign of further things to come. Communication technologies that have been developed over the last century have largely shaped human interaction and have played a crucial role in sustaining human relationship be it†¦show more content†¦The recent introduction of 3G mobile services in India have however brought in enhanced data and voice transmission and are welcome signs in the improvement in mobile communication technology. The essay deals in-depth with 3G wireless technology and the difference with its successors (3.5G and 4G) and predecessor (2G). 3G (3rd generation mobile telecommunications) 3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. It improves the efficiency of data can be transferred through the cellular phone. The data transfer rates for third generation mobile telecommunications is up to 2 Megabits per second. Aside from this feature, 3G cellular phones also have conventional voice, fax and data services, as well as high-resolution video and multimedia services which can be used while on the move. It also includes mobile office services such as virtual banking and online-billing, video conferencing, online entertainment and access to the Internet. International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, andShow MoreRelatedThe Current Status of 3g and the Future of 4g Essay1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Current Status of 3G and the Future of 4G 3G and 4G are two mobile communications standards that are currently in use. 3G is the third generation of the standard and 4G is the fourth and most recent generation. Each successive generation usually brings new base technologies, more network capacity for more data per user, and the potential for better voice quality. 3G became available in the United States in 2002 and 4G became available in 2009 (O’Malley). Although it is a previousRead MoreWireless Communication Has Changed Our World1052 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract Wireless communication has changed our lives in terms of the way we live, work, learn and interact. Wireless communication and mobile devices have continued their rapid technical evolution, supporting a growing focus on increased end-user utility and new opportunities for compelling wireless applications in many aspects of people’s lives. In this paper that I’m writing, I’ll be reviewing the past and existing generations of wireless communication in terms of history, performanceRead MoreThe History of Communication Leading Up to the 4G Essay714 Words   |  3 PagesFirst Generation of communication system is the Analog cellular system, means carrier is Analog. we just send wave forms primarily with voice. it is continuous in amplitude and time. variation in a signal disrupts over long distance . This Analog system was introduced in seventies.NMT , AMPS, TACS, CDPD technologies were used in 1G. It uses FDMA technique call to one country. All the Analog systems w ere used circuit switched technology and design only for voice communication not data. The cost forRead More3G Technology and Its Uses1257 Words   |  6 Pagesapplication 2 3. Data communication concept 4 4. Technology capabilities 5 5. Examples of this technology that is being used in the market 6 6. Advantages and Disadvantages 8 7. Conclusion 9 8. References `9 9. Introduction of 3G 3G means â€Å"Third Generation† for mobile telecommunication technology. It transfer rate at least 200 kilobytes per second for information transfer. It is faster than earlier generation that support not more than 200 kilobytes per second. 3G could finds an applicationRead MoreNetwork Architecture Of Third Generation Technology950 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract— 5G Technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunication has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance with every passing day. This fast revolution in mobile computing changes our day to day life that is way we work, interact, learn etc. This paper also focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth generation network provide affordableRead MoreMobile Communication Technology996 Words   |  4 Pages01. Introduction to Mobile Communication Today mobile communication has become the backbone of the society. All the mobile system technologies have improved the way of living and it is one of the fastest growing communication medium in the world (Goldsmith, 2004). In 1960 Bell Laboratory was introduced the cellular concept, with the development of the newer concept and the better technology cellular phones getting more popular in worldwide (Mitra, 2009). According to the (GSMA, 2014) report mentionedRead MoreQuestions On Wireless Network And Security1402 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment-1 MN603 Subject Wireless Network and Security Teacher Biplob Rakshit Ray Name : Loveneet Singh Dhanjal ID: MIT130071 Contents 1) Introduction 3 2) Massive MIMO architectures 3 a. V-BLAST 3 b. Array Architecture 4 3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks 5 a. Spatial multiplexing 6 b. Pre-coding 6 4) Existing Technologies 6 a. WiMAX 6 b. 3G 6 c. 4G LTE 7 5) Recently proposed techniques in the literature 7 5G 7 6) RelevantRead MoreEssay on Wireless Technologies Today1523 Words   |  7 PagesWireless Technologies Today Everyday we as a society employ our wireless technologies throughout the day, sometimes even subconsciously. We wake up and check our cell-phones and PDA’s for information concerning the success of our day. We get to our respective workplace and our company’s wireless technologies, such as implemented wide area networks for quick and accurate communication of information between corporate officers or for communication of information to maximize manufacturing atRead More3g Wireless Access, Abstract1660 Words   |  7 Pages 5G WIRELESS ACCESS Abstract: 5G technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology .From era 1g to 2.5g and from 3g to 5g this world of telecommunication has seen a number has seen upgrades along with improved performance with every passing day. This fast revolution in mobile computing changes our everyday life. That is way we work, associate, learn and so on. This paper also focuses on all the preceding generationsRead More4g Wireless Mobile Communication Networks1428 Words   |  6 Pages 4G wireless mobile communication networks are been specified to support display, battery and computational power etc. 4G wireless mobile communication networks should not focus on air interface and data rate, but instead cover advance wireless mobile communication networks and high speed wireless access system into different platforms. The era of new wireless communication is evolving and it will soon penetrate into daily life and change the way we live. The key concept is integrating the 4g capabilities

The Energy And Sports Drink Industry - 1009 Words

â€Å"Pay careful attention to your own work, for then you will get the satisfaction of a job well done, and you will not need to compare yourself to anyone else† Galatians 6:4 (Dake’s Annontated Reference Bible). People who are satisfied with their job are more likely to want to improve their company as well as their personal life. God teaches us to take pride in our actions and not to compare ourselves to what others are doing or have. The energy and sports drink industry was able to use their resources to compete with other companies in order to make their company great. This paper will talk about the sports drink industry and whether or not they are competitively important, the resources they have at their disposal, and how they use†¦show more content†¦They also used other marketing techniques such as advertising at sporting events and having professional teams use their products. Because of their different marketing techniques and resources, they wer e able to make their product appealing to the populace. Strategy Companies such as Pepsi-Cola and Coca-Cola were able to determine whether their strategy was successful by measuring their sales and their earnings growth. Companies are able to tell how successful they are by their overall financial strength and their ability to retain customers (Gamble et al., 2013). The soft drink industry was able to change their image by endorsing their sports drink and vitamin water products as being healthier. They also made people aware of how important it is to keep the body hydrated and proved that their product could help. Their strategy was to appeal to a healthier clientele who are more active customers, than they previously had with their soda clientele. They were able to draw in these new customers and develop a different marketing perspective. They were able to attract new customers who were not interested in their soda line but wanted a healthier drink. Competitive resource capabilities â€Å"A resource is a competitive asset that is owned or controlled by a company; a capability is the capacity of a company to competently perform some internal activity. Capabilities are developed and enabled through the deployment of a company’s resources† (Gamble,

Strategies for Managing Conflict Successfully free essay sample

Everyone has dealt some sort of conflict within a relationship. Whether you’ve experienced it with a significant other, family member, friends, or coworkers, it’s all conflict. Managing your conflict appropriately limits the negative aspects while increasing the positive aspects. John Gottman proposed that, â€Å"criticizing, showing contempt, becoming defensive, and engaging in stonewalling aren’t productive ways handling conflict. †[1] You cannot escape conflict, so learned other alternatives will help you solve conflict proficiently. Your options for dealing with conflict are based on your concern for your own needs and desires and your concern for the other party’s needs and desires. The five different management strategies we choose between when dealing with conflict are competing, avoiding, accommodating, compromising, and collaborating. From personal experience, and just in my own opinion, collaborating is the most effective management strategy when dealing with intimate relationships. Collaborating is a strategy for managing conflict that involves working toward a solution that meets both parties’ needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategies for Managing Conflict Successfully or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When practicing collaboration you are showing a higher concern for you and your partner’s needs. It is the most time consuming of the five strategies but it is the most effective. Showing that you have a mutual respect and understanding towards the other person makes you both feel at ease. This strategy is also known as the â€Å"win-win strategy†. [3] Collaborating is the ideal way of handling conflicts. It requires a great amount of patience, imagination, and energy. Most the time people turn to collaborating when situations are dealing with addressing the interests of multiple parties, when a high-level of trust is present, when a long-term relationship is important, when you need to work through hard feelings/animosity, or when you don’t want to have full responsibility. For instance, on my birthday this year my boyfriend wanted it to be just him and myself. I, on the other hand, wanted to have a big birthday dinner with all of my friends and family. Neither one of us wanted to budge. He wanted to do something special just for me on my birthday. Luckily my birthday was on a Wednesday, so I told him that we could go out and celebrate, just me and him, on my actual birthday. Then whenever the weekend rolled around, I’d celebrate it with my family and friends. With this solution, with both ended up getting what we wanted and were equally satisfied. When facing this conflict, we wouldn’t have used competing. Competition becomes problematic when it tarts leading to feelings of resentment or desires to get even with the other person. Avoiding also isn’t a good choice when dealing with conflicts. If we just ignored each other’s feelings then nothing would have been solved. Avoidance leads to dissatisfying relationships. Accommodating wouldn’t have been fair on my part. When you accommodate you giving in to the other party’s needs while subordinating your own. It was my birthday, so I should’ve also had a say-so in how it was spent. Compromising isn’t as bad as the other strategies but it’s still when both people give up something they want to receive something they both want. There was no need in both of us losing out when we could easily collaborate and both satisfy our wants and needs. Most of the time, when there’s a conflict, we would rather just have everything go our way and be solved the way we want it solved. That isn’t always the best way though. This happens a lot in relationships. Knowing the most efficient way to handle conflicts will help these relationships last longer. Conflict is going to happen. You wouldn’t want all your time, commitment, and investment to go down the drain because you were unable to solve problems within that relationship. This is why practicing collaboration will help you tremendously for managing conflicts successfully.

The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and Its Effects

Until 1978, the United States federal law controlled the aviation industry through the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). The inception of the Airline Deregulation Act marked a new dawn for the removal of government controls over fares, routes, and entrance into the market.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, air transport was considered a government-regulated venture with its services being public utility. The CAB was obligated with the task of setting fares, allocating routes, and preparing schedules for the airlines. By the active participation of the CAB in the industry, they were able to maintain low fares in the short-haul market or financially support industries in the long-haul market thus controlling the airlines rate of return. The complicated processes of applying new routes or reviewing fares were enhanced by the bureaucratic nature of the CAB. Most of the air transport providers felt that they were being inhibited by the CAB from bringing radical changes that would meet the needs of their clients in the market. On realising this, the congress pushed for laws that facilitated the deregulation of the airlines industries (Meyer, 1981). Their efforts bore fruit in the year 1978 when President Jimmy Carter agreed and signed the Airline Deregulation Act. Consequently, the roles of CAB were phased out progressively until 1984 when it was completely abolished and later the benefits of the deregulation started to take effect. Under the Airline Deregulation Act, several terms of conduct in the air industry were highlighted that would streamline the general operation of the airlines. Before the complete abolishment of the CAB, the Act stipulated that the task of setting fares was to be entrusted to airlines.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the airline standards were liberalised such that new airlines could enter the market after meeting the terms and conditions of the Act. In case of existence of routes that were being underutilised or had competitors that received subsidy from the government, the Act allowed new providers to join those routes. Most barriers created by CAB such as blocking routes or introducing charter trips were expunged, and the airlines could provide services conveniently for them. Consequently, the airlines were place in a fair arena and made flexible to serve the needs of their clients. Additionally, the role of CAB to decide on the appropriate airlines, which deserved subsidies, was eliminated, and thus airlines profitability relied on their own efforts and investment (Brenner, 1985). To reduce the burden of CAB, the roles of maintenance of safety standards were transferred to the Federal Airline Association (FAA). After the disbandment of CAB, some of the key responsibilities that the board initially undertook were transferred to United States Department of Transportation (DOT). Since then, the authority allowed the introduction of small carriers to replace the jets that offered domestic services increasing the efficiency in the air industry. Similarly, other CAB duties were allocated to FAA to examine safety, and control air traffic. Additionally, the Act gave the secretary of transportation the main role of reporting to the congress on air safety and any matters arising due to the deregulation.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and Its Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To ensure the air industry’s effectiveness from the onset of the deregulation act, the government used generated revenues to categorise the airlines. These categories include major, national, and regional airlin es. The major airlines category constituted of airlines with annual operating revenues of more than $1 billion. Due to their financial strength, they offer international and long-haul services. National airlines usually operate with annual revenues of between $100 million and $1 billion. On other hand, regional airlines offer their services within specific regions and mostly attain annual operating revenues of between $20 million to $100 million. Categorisation of airlines in this manner enabled the FAA to control and monitor the traffic and routes used by various airlines. Meanwhile, airlines could also be categorised depending on the services they offered like passenger or cargo airlines. Any operational airline must have two specific certificates from the federal government authority. These certificates are the fitness certificate and the operating certificate. The Department of Transport (DOT) is the sole authority entrusted with the issuance of the fitness certificate also know n as the certificate of public convenience and necessity. This certificate indicates that the airline has adequate finance and management capacity to handle scheduled services. Moreover, the certificate is issued to both the passenger and the cargo carriers.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, operating certificate is issue by the FAA to indicate the various requirements critical for the operation of aircrafts with a capacity of 10 or more seats. When the Airline deregulation act was enforced, it had dynamic benefits to both the airline providers and the passengers. Notably, the Act terms were suitable for the carriers as it streamlined the activities of airlines in the market. The objectives of the carriers were outlined in the Act, borrowed from the initial roles of the CAB. Adequate consideration was given to the safety standards of the airlines, as it was the optimal priority in the air industry. The Act stipulated that for the airlines to be granted the opportunity to operate in the industry, they had to comply with the safety measures of the passengers and their workforce. Air transportation services were allowed to significantly rely on the competition that existed in the market. Thus, matters of fares were solely determined by the airlines. Simi larly, the Act emphasized on the need for the air services to put in more effort on the development of airports in the urban areas like the secondary or satellite airports. By the act of encouraging competition in the air services, the government was able to reduce instances of monopoly where a single air service provider would increase prices uncontrollably. Economically, the Act advocated for the easing of entrance requirements and conditions for new air carriers thus enhancing the growth of the economy. The Airline Deregulation Act had great objectives that would foster the growth of the air industry and therefore contribute to the streamlining of the air services and improvement of the county’s economy. To promote the growth of the economy, the Act provided incentives to American-owned international airlines to provide domestic services in the country. After the deregulation, a major streamlining was done in the airline industry regarding the line personnel, operations, m aintenance, sales and marketing, reservation and ticketing and staff personnel. The Line personnel are individuals involved in the operation of the scheduled services of an airline. These personnel include plane mechanics, pilots, flight attendants, reservation clerks, ramp-service agents and security guards. Their welfare and operating conditions were dynamically improved. Operations entail the flight crew responsible for the safety and effectiveness of service delivery during the flight. The other elements incorporate the personnel in ensuring that the business of the airline is successful. Additionally, deregulation improved the conditions of operation of the airlines and the governing bodies (Miller, 1981). Because of deregulation, there was a significant growth in the hub and spoke networks compared to prior years. Hubs refer to airports that are strategically located in the areas where there is ease of access by the passengers and cargo. These locations are collection points f or passengers and cargo. In this regard, the exploitation of small markets with a small population became realistic and profitable. At the same time, hubs that allowed access of the planes to collect selected passengers or cargo handled variation in the destinations of the passengers in one location. The growth of the hub and spoke networks also improved the ability of the airlines to handle numerous markets and manage the size of the fleet. With the radical improvement of the hub and spoke networks, collection and dropping of passengers in various cities with different origins and destinations was economically handled. Nevertheless, these hubs were favourable for numerous carriers due to the convenience attached to it. Deregulation allowed the increase in the size of the carriers due to the entrance of multiple new carriers. This was fostered by the fact that there were many cheap available second hand aircrafts, the availability of airline line professionals like pilots and mechan ics and soft terms of airline operations by the government. With time, the objectives of the congress were achieved by the increase in new entrants in the market creating a stiff competition that worked in favour of the customers. The increase in the competition necessitated most of the airlines to offer direct, low-cost and no-frills services, which improved the air transport in general. Notably, although over the years there have been fluctuations in the market due to the varied conditions of the economy, the deregulation act has still played a key role in retaining the numerous carriers in the industry (Morrison, 1986). Affordable fares have been an achievable objective due to the stiff competition created by the enormous carriers. Significantly enough, most carriers have been offering discounted fares to their passengers or for cargo. Evidently, fares have significantly decrease compared to the CAB era. This result has affected several other transport sectors like the interstate bus and rail due to the efficiency associated with airlines operations between cities. Concerning the passengers, these changes have been significantly beneficial in various aspects such as enabling them to save on their travel expenses. Additionally, passengers’ needs are met in the most outstanding manner because of the stiff completion. Furthermore, low costs have reduced disparity among the passengers, as most fares are affordable by many air transport users. The stiff competition in the airline market due to deregulation has sparked innovations concerning marketing designs and styles. Major innovations have been geared towards the frequent flyer programs of the airlines. For the airlines to retain and attract more customers, these programs have been enticing, and the benefits of such offers are paramount to the passengers. These rewards usually offer free tickets or advancement in the class an individual is placed in the carrier. To earn such offers or gifts, it is requ ired for one to be a frequent and consistent flyer in the airline of choice. Earning of points also at times depend on the mileage covered by an individual on his or her flights. Additionally, these marketing improvements have led to the establishment of the credit card industry within the air transport. Possession of such specific credit cards has allowed passengers to gain promotions and other rewards that improve their welfare. Notably, these services and improvements have caused radical changes in the airline industry and thus are viewed to be beneficial and complementary to deregulation. Computer reservation system (CRS) has been an important development because of deregulation. These systems have enabled the workforce within the airlines to handle and process effectively the numerous services that occur on a daily basis. Activities like keeping track of fares and service changes have been possible with the use of such systems. Nonetheless, the travel agents have been able to m onitor the schedules and fares of their passengers. Similarly, the systems have enable the travel agents to not only to maintain records of schedules and fares, but also give chances to their clients to make advance booking for their listed flights. As a result, the airline owners have been successful in offering services to their clients in a systematically and convenient manner. Another important innovation was the advancement in the code sharing agreements. Such agreements allow the travelling agents of airlines to issue tickets for the airline using a two-letter code. These agreements enable large and regional airlines to conduct business together with efficiency in service delivery to the clients. On the same note, the U.S airline and foreign airlines can conduct business within the country’s states. Similarly, these agreements facilitate the conduct of marketing innovations like the frequent flyer programs without the interference of other airlines. Notably, the regiona l airlines have been able to paint their carriers with trademarks of large airlines thus boosting their market competitiveness. Furthermore, In the event that the large airlines cannot land on certain hubs, the regional airlines facilitate the collection of clients and cargo. Despite the use of the code sharing agreements, each carrier is able to benefit and their working conditions or programmes are unaffected. Overall, code sharing enhances the effectiveness of the airlines and efficiency in service delivery to the clients. In spite of the numerous benefits derived because of deregulation, there have been some pitfalls from its implementation. The benefits offered by the deregulations have been uneven in the entire national air transportation network. Repeatedly, costs have decline in most of the high traffic and long distance routes compared to the shorter ones. In this regard, large airlines have been able to nourish in the market unlike the regional airlines, which encounter en ormous challenges. Moreover, the shorter routes carriers have been ineffective in handling financial difficulties thus most are discouraged and may be forced to quit or join the competitive long distance operators (Williams, 1994). Another major obstacle was the exposure to stiff competition, which led to numerous losses and aroused conflicts between the labour unions and the carriers. Because of the decline in the profits generated by the carriers, they were forced to reconsider the working conditions and reward policies in order to remain operational. In this regard, there have been rampant disagreements between the carriers and the labour unions concerning the improvement of the working conditions. Notably, deregulation led to the inability of some carriers to survive in the stiff competition influenced by the costs and the labour unions demands, forcing them to quit the market. Moreover, these carriers were unable to meet the costs and cover for their liabilities and were eventu ally liquidated due to bankruptcy. Examples of carriers that were liquidated at the aftermath of deregulation are Eastern, Braniff, American West Airlines and Pan Am and other multiple smaller airlines. The aftermath of such losses was detrimental to the potential entrants and some of the operators who remain in the industry. Nonetheless, the airlines’ workforce encountered numerous challenges in the transition period to other remaining airlines. Finally, the Airline Deregulation Act led to a new dawn in the air industry by bringing in radical changes in the operation and management of the airlines. For most of the airlines with great effort and investment in the sector, they realized their objectives. Nevertheless, it is observed that the deregulation prompted the government to be more vigilant in terms of regulating and ensuring the safety of the passengers and personnel on board every flight. Furthermore, the deregulation enabled the growth of numerous industries within th e air industry improving the economy on a general scale. These industries have created employment opportunities and assisted most airlines in achieving their major objectives of flourishing and being competitive in the market. From the government’s perspective, the deregulation act has simplified their roles due liberalization. The government therefore remains with precise and convenient duties of ensuring that the operations of airlines meet the set requirements. As per the society, the Act created an overhaul in the efficiencies with which the airlines and the government conduct their business. References Brenner, M. A., Leet, J. O., Schott, E. (1985). Airline deregulation. Westport, Conn.: (Box 2055, Saugatuck Station, Westport 06880). Meyer, J. R., Oster, C. V. (1981). Airline deregulation: the early experience. Boston, Mass.: Auburn House Pub. Co.. Miller, J. R. (1981). The airline deregulation handbook: with the complete text of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. W heaton, Ill.: Merton House Pub. Co. Morrison, S., Winston, C. (1986). The economic effects of airline deregulation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. Williams, G. (1994). The airline industry and the impact of deregulation (Rev. ed.). Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury Aviation. This term paper on The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 and Its Effects was written and submitted by user Tal1sman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The forgotten group memeber case Essay Example

The forgotten group memeber case Essay Example The forgotten group memeber case Essay The forgotten group memeber case Essay Essay Topic: Sociology The facilitator, Christine, is assumed to embrace the same roles and adhere to the equivalent theories defined for a leader. Also, it is believed that the principles taught within Professor Rasmussens Organizational Behaviour class are consistent with those discussed by Dr. Keeping. The outcomes associated with the alternative solutions are based upon the likelihood of their interpretations within the group meeting corresponding with our interpretations of the theories utilized and are not explicitly applied with certainty. Statement of the Problem Due to lack of: clearly defined team roles, demonstrated leadership qualities, effort by all members and acknowledgment of communication barriers, conflict was imminent within the group. Immediate problems to be addressed by all members of the group include Janets feelings of exclusion from the group and Christines lack of insight into the apparent causes of Janets loss of motivation to be a group member. Professor Rasmussen must decide whether to resolve the feelings of inequality between the group members and if delegating a further assignment to Janet is appropriate. Analysis of the Problem As stated in the course outline received by all students at the commencement of the term, group work is considered to be the primary medium through which applying the theories learned in class is to be implemented. Causes of animosity within the group may be attributed to group dynamics, norm formation, leadership inefficiencies, perceptions, conscientiousness and communication barriers. As explained by Professor Rasmussen during the second class, all groups undergo four stages of interaction: forming, norming, storming and performing1. These four phases are also referred to as mutual acceptance, communication and decision making, motivation and productivity and control and organization. Interaction amongst those who have had no previous relations together is facilitated through the first stage; where personal preferences and work schedules are exchanged, strengths and weaknesses made apparent and expectations clarified2. The first group meeting held was used to recognize these necessities. The second stage, where norms, goals and performance ideals are mutually established through discussion, should not occur without careful consideration and input by all members. The formation of the group failed to fully complete this stage however, allowing the ambiguous actions of members to be perceived incongruently. Norms are behaviours that social groups deem proper when interacting, so that actions may be consistent and activities made predictable3. To be effective, all must clearly understand and adhere to these expectations for there to be cohesiveness. At the commencement of the semester, Professor Rasmussen defined his norms for the groups and required all students to sign a contract, indicating that all expectations have been acknowledged. Unfortunately, within Christines group, not all members abided by the norms. One member in particular, Janet, failed to fulfill the contract to its fullest extent, however, one should not fault the lack of cohesiveness strictly to Janet. The group accepted the norms delivered by Professor Rasmussen but did not redefine or set out norms to be suitable for them selves. Nor was the contract or its contents reviewed during the group meetings. Therefore, it may be inferred that the group failed to establish strict rules or guidelines, causing the situation they are presently in. Christine, as facilitator, should have ensured that the norms were set as they are a vital aspect of a successful group4. Christines style of leadership throughout this situation may be described using the theory of Leader-Member Exchange. This theory focuses upon the unique relations between a leader and their subordinates. Greater personality similarities contribute to closer relations, allowing for stronger bonds to be forged5. These strong personality connections cause the subordinate to be designated a member of the ingroup. The ingroup consists of those who receive special preferences such as inclusion within social activities that occur outside of the organization. Those subordinates who do not receive this special treatment are considered the outgroup members. As facilitator, Christine did not form a strong inter-personal relationship with Janet, her subordinate. As sole member of the outgroup, Janet did not satisfy the need to relate to her colleagues as defined by ERG; a theory first proposed by Clayton Alderfer that defines the needs of existence, relatedness and growth as essential to human motivation. The need of relatedness is the ability to identify with ones peers and establishing a sense of belongingness6. Janet was not able to experience the cohesiveness established through the extracurricular social interactions. The rest of the members were able to receive these benefits and become highly cohesive due to their designated statuses as members of the ingroup. Because Janet was excluded from the ingroup and was allocated to the outgroup, she was lead to encompass unmotivated behaviours. She was lead to feel unmotivated, as she was a victim of the fundamental attribution error principle. This theory states that one may have their preferences and ideals seen as the primary cause of their actions although situational attributions may be the proper cause7. Janet experienced this bias by the members of her group, as she chose to help her boyfriend with his project instead of meeting with the group at the designated time, as she previously agreed to. From her perspective, she did not intentionally choose to spend the allotted time with her boyfriend, however the group feels that her actions were a blatant attempt to avoid contributing further. This principle was also used by Janet, as she attributed Christines lack of social inclusion to the general dislike of her personality. Due to the diverse personality composition of the group, it is imperative that the leader manages the situation with care to ensure that conflicting ideals do not affect the groups cohesiveness. Stereotypes attributed amongst the members of the group lead to distrust as well as communication problems. A leader must recognize these issues and allocate the required time towards helping the group unify8. When Christine first met with her group, she made stereotypical assumptions about each individual based upon her first impressions and the brief biographies supplied to her. One may describe representativeness heuristics as a method in which a person evaluates others based on characteristics or previous occurrences9. Christine utilizes this principle when she assumes that Janet is unmotivated and uninterested with the group project; as she was late to the first meeting and mentioned all her free time was spent with her boyfriend. This causes the group to feel as though Janet does not want to work with them, which leads her to feel unwelcome. Although Janet has contributed her allotted portion of the assignment, Christine still holds negative feelings due to selective perception10; the ability to omit information, which does not correspond to, established beliefs. Despite the fact that Janet was a fully contributing member, the group continued to hold a negative bias due to her lack of social activity. Also, Mike had the tendency to put forth less effort than other group members, which is looked upon as free riding. A free rider is one who tries to maximize their outputs while minimizing their level of inputs11. Due to his lack of focus and recurring need to bring humour to all situations, Mike is seen as a fully contributing member because of his constant presence. Christines lack of leadership contributed to the differing ways in which each individual was treated, causing the group to have a lack of respect for her position. A persons conscientiousness defines the range of tasks they wish to sustain and the variety of activities in which they chose to involve themselves. A person who appears to focus on effectively completing a small number of goals is viewed as displaying high-conscientiousness. They value the characteristics being responsible, organized and self-disciplined. Anchored at the opposing end of the continuum are those whom are regarded as exhibiting low-conscientiousness. They apply themselves to a large number of responsibilities that often cause them to become overwhelmed by the volume and incapable of applying the effort required. People within this category tend to be careless, irresponsible and lack self-sufficiency12. In applying this theory to the case, it is apparent that Janet tends demonstrate characteristics consistent with a less-conscientious person. She is studying at a university, maintaining two jobs and is fully committed to a serious relationship. Therefore, Janets time is greatly consumed with a larger variety of activities than others within her peer group. This detracts from her performance in the group-case study. Communication is an essential element for coordinating efforts and sharing information within any interpersonal atmosphere13. Barriers to communication arose concerning Mikes free- riding tendencies and Janets failure to attend group meetings regularly due to Christines failure to fulfill the role of facilitator. Instead of avoiding the conflict, Christine should have resolved the issues as they became apparent, for they caused stronger concentration upon Janets individualized status.

Spanish Word Order in Forming Sentences

Spanish Word Order in Forming Sentences Compared with English, Spanish allows considerable latitude in the word order of sentences. Whereas in English, most simple sentences are formed in the pattern of subject, verb, then object, in Spanish any one of those sentence parts can come first. Word Order in Simple Spanish Statements As a general rule, it is almost never wrong to follow the common sentence structure of subject-verb-object (known to grammarians as SVO). Note,however, that in Spanish it also common for object pronouns to come before verbs or be attached to them if the verb is an infinitive or command. But while English allows variation primarily for questions and poetic effect, in Spanish ordinary statements can start with the subject, the verb or the object. In fact, starting a statement with the verb is very common. For example, all the following sentence constructions are possible as a translation of Diana wrote this novel: Diana escribià ³ esta novela. (Subject comes first.)Escribià ³ Diana esta novela. (Verb comes first.)Esta novela la escribià ³ Diana. (Object comes first. In this construction, an object pronoun is often added to help avoid ambiguity. This sentence order is far less common than the first two.) So do all those sentences mean the same thing? Yes and no. The difference is subtle (in fact, sometimes there is no substantive difference), but the choice of wording can be a matter of emphasis rather than something that might come across in a translation. In spoken English, such differences are often a matter of intonation (which also occurs in Spanish); in written English we sometimes use italics to indicate emphasis. In the first sentence, for example, the emphasis is on Diana: Diana wrote this novel. Perhaps the speaker is expressing surprise or pride about Dianas accomplishment. In the second sentence the emphasis is on the writing: Diana wrote this novel. (Perhaps a better example might be something like this: No pueden escribir los alumnos de su clase. The students in his class cant write.) In the final example, the emphasis is on what Diana wrote: Diana wrote this novel. Word Order in Simple Spanish Questions In Spanish questions, the subject almost always comes after the verb.  ¿Escribià ³ Diana esta novela? (Did Diana write this novel?)  ¿Quà © escribià ³ Diana? (What did Diana write?) Although it is possible in informal speech to phrase a question like a statement as can be done in English -  ¿Diana escribià ³ esta novela? Diana wrote this novel? - this is seldom done in writing. Omitting the Subject in Spanish Although in standard English the subject of a sentence can be omitted only in commands, in Spanish the subject can be omitted if it is understood from the context. See how the subject can be omitted in the second sentence here because the first subject provides the context. Diana es mi hija. Escribià ³ esta novela. (Diana is my daughter. She wrote this novel.) In other words, it is not necessary in the second sentence to provide ella, the word for she. Word Order in Sentences Including a Relative Clause A common word order that may seem unfamiliar to English speakers involves subjects include a relative clause- a sentence fragment that includes a noun and verb and typically begins with a relative pronoun such as that or which in English or que in Spanish. Spanish speakers tend to avoid placing verbs far away from the subject, forcing them to invert the subject-verb order. The tendency can best be explained with an example: English: A cellphone that I had in order to make videos disappeared. (The subject of his sentence is cellphone, which is described by that I had in order to make videos. This sentence may seem somewhat awkward in English because of so many intervening words between the subject and verb, but there is no way to avoid the problem without making an even clumsier sentence.)Spanish: Desaparecià ³ un mà ³vil que yo tenà ­a para realizar và ­deos. (By putting the verb, desparecià ³, first, it can come next to un mà ³vil. Although it would be possible to roughly follow the English word order here, doing so would seem awkward at best to a native speaker.) Here are three more examples that use similar patterns. The sentence subjects and verbs are in boldface to show how they are closer in Spanish: Ganà ³ el equipo que lo merecià ³. (The team that deserved it won.)Obtienen trabajo las personas que ya muchos aà ±os de experiencia laboral. (Persons who already have many years of work experience get jobs.)Pierden peso los que disfrutan de correr. (Those who like to run lose weight.) Key Takeaways A subject-verb-object word order is usual in both Spanish and English simple statements, but Spanish speakers are more likely to modify the word order as a way of changing emphasis.In both English and Spanish questions, the verb typically comes before the subject.Spanish speakers often place the verb of a sentence first when the subject includes a relative clause.

Promoting Individual Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Promoting Individual Health - Essay Example The plan is based on providing knowledge and awareness of the ethical issues associated with health and especially the inherent. In the given plan, a specific scenario of Erick is looked at. Erick is suffering from Autism Spectrum. The plan thus analyses the causes of his behaviour and seeks to link it to the causes of the health promotion as well as providing teaching lessons to his parents on the importance of health promotion, how to adapt to the current situation of their son and finally, Erick’s learning because of disability. In addition, the plan analyses the position of the parents of Erick and especially the case of Molly. The plan is very important since it equips an individual with psychosocial behaviour that affects the wellness of an individual in terms of behaviour, cognitive abilities, environmentally among many more (Rappaport & Seidman 2000, p. 171). A scenario of Erick is chosen to be used as a point of reference. Erick is a son of Molly and James. His mother, Molly, suffers from diabetes and his father, James, works as a driver, driving long distance vehicles and thus he is rarely at home. Eric has a learning disorder, though mild. He also suffers a little in the autistic spectrum. He often gets frustrated and as a result, throws anger tantrums at the fellow students and teachers, especially when he goes to school whereby he attends a mainstream school. Autistic spectrum refers to the conditions that an individual suffers from that majorly affects the communication by an individual, their interests, social interaction and also affects the behaviour of an individual (Pandora 2006, p. 96). In addition, the autism spectrum also includes childhood autism and Asperger syndrome. The condition may not show its symptoms immediately, but after some time. The condition of Eric has been contributed by several psychosocial

Eating disorders Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eating disorders - Annotated Bibliography Example Mainly, people lack awareness of these disorders or they are ashamed of discussing their symptoms with other people (Becker et al 1999, p. 1092). According to the authors, these disorders mainly occur in young women who are in adolescent age. Nevertheless, 40 percent of binge-eating problem appears in young men and boys. The authors insist that the disorders are prevalent in societies that are highly developed in comparison to undeveloped societies. The occurrence is also along socioeconomic classes. According to the authors, the disorders appear to be caused by genetic, psycho-developmental and also social-cultural aspects of a person. They also argue that in some cases eating disorders may cause depression which may result to suicide by the individual. Treatment of eating disorders can be through outpatient management and medical treatment. Although outpatient setting is more adequate in critical cases, inpatient care is more appropriate. Some of the indications of inpatient care include; extreme loss of weight which is rapid. On the other hand, high risk of suicide and acute medical disorders are symptoms of outpatient treatment (Becker et al 1999, p. 1092). The authors insist that medical treatment mainly aim at both preventing and correcting the complications of excess weight and purging. Treatment also occur routinely mainly involving educating the patients on the importance of taking a keen notice on the symptoms and monitoring any body weight change. Educating about how to adjust nutrition and caloric intake is also an important aspect in medical treatment. This treatment involves individual, group and family support for the task to be successful (Becker et al 1999, p. 1095). The authors also propose that psychiatric treatment approaches can play an important part in treating people with eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is a condition that responds well family therapy. Interpersonal interaction is also

Tourture Or Not To Tourture Essay Example for Free

Tourture Or Not To Tourture Essay The case presented points out a terrorist that has entrenched bombs in several places of the city. He is not ready to reveal the positions of the bombs that he has planted. These bombs well explode shortly being a cause of the death of many innocent lives. The terrorists is not willing to disclose the where he has implanted the bombs using any of the standard procedures. The last option the authorities think is left is torturing the terrorist blameless wife. The authorities think using torture will be an appropriate solution to make the terrorist disclose the location of the concealed bombs. The scenario presented is incredibly sensitive one; taking any decision regarding this case seems morally incorrect. Due to the blast, if innocent people are killed without any reason that seems immoral. While if the blameless wife of the terrorist is tormented for no apparent reason that also seems unethical. Still if I had to make a decision, I would agree with the authorities to torture the wife of the terrorist. As I believe saving the lives of hundreds of people is more essential rather than doing injustice a single person. Although torturing seems an unethical tactic to use but the outcome that will be generated will be that the lives of hundreds will be saved. If we focus our attention on the results, the agony of one individual does not seem such a ghastly alternative to choose. The decision taken is falling in line with doing evil but for a noble cause. This preference is based on the utilitarian approach which is associated with providing with the The greatest happiness for the greatest number It talks about those ideas that should be adopted which leads to the betterment for the maximum number of citizens. In the utilitarian approach the appropriateness of the decision is determined by the outcome. You can use morally incorrect ways in this approach, as long as the outcome of the idea is righteous. It is summarized as â€Å"the ends justify the means for a decision† in the deontological approach the ethical law is provided the greatest weight as apposed to the consequences of the outcome which is the case in utilitarian. This ethical philosophy cannot be applicable in all cases as diverse cases have to be dealt in a distinctive fashion. (Wikipedia) Lets consider another case if ten people were traveling in a boat and due to the boat being over loaded it was sinking. If some weight was removed from the boat, that is if two people were thrown out of the boat, the boat would be prevented from sinking. Considering the utilitarian approach, it suggests that we should choose the alternative of throwing two peolple out of the boat. It gives its justification on the basis it is better to save the lives of eight people rather to leave them all to die. Although it seems morally incorrect to do this but the outcome is better for the majority of people. Utilitarianism has a very elevated ethical opinion; it supports the contentment of all, even if an individual has to pay for it.   An appropriate case in point was pointed out by Jonathon Glover is that even if a person has a lot of money and with that he can go on a tour to Europe. But the utilitarian approach suggests the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest people† hence instead of that person going on a tour he will donate the money for charity to help the greatest number of people. (â€Å"Utilitarianism and its critics† by Jonathon Glover.) Similarly in this case it is morally objectionable to make the terrorist’s wife to suffer, but a crucial step to take. Since not taking this step will lead to a disaster of hundreds being murdered, this seems morally disgusting. So the success will be in following the utilitarian approach in which most horrible scenario can be avoided. If we do not torment one person and let hundreds being killed as a result that seems a much dreadful end result than torturing one person in order to save the lives of hundreds. Hence the torturing of one person can be justified in this case as that is the only way the terrorist will reveal the exact location of the bombs and the innocent public can be saved from being ruthlessly slaughtered. The utilitarian philosophy emphasizes on accepting the least terrible proposal in comparison with the worst proposal, which is being followed in the cases mentioned above. Reference: Bentham, Jeremy (2007). The Classical Utilitarians: Bentham and Mill. Hackett Publishing Company.

Manic Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Manic Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Manic: affected by violent madness . When one is affected by mania it becomes the dictator of his or her actions .   This holds true in William Shakespeare's Hamlet . In the play, Hamlet is depressed to the point of mania. His entire existence is engulfed in his melancholia.   Hamlet's words, thoughts, interactions and most tangibly his actions make his heavy-heartedness an undeniable reality. The degree of Hamlet 's depression is set by his ennui and his melancholy itself is revealed through his tenacity. Throughout the play Hamlet's actions are plagued by his overbearing depression. This depression in combination with Hamlet's mania is what makes his a bipolar disorder sufferer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychologically, mania is described as a mood disorder characterized by euphoric states ,extreme physical activity ,excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity. During manic periods a person becomes "high" extremely active , excessively talkative, and easily distracted. During these periods the affected person's self esteem is also often greatly inflated. These people often become aggressive and hostile to others as their self confidence becomes more and more inflated and exaggerated.   In extreme cases (like Hamlet's) the manic person may become consistently wild or violent until he or she reaches the point of exhaustion. Manic depressives often function on little or no sleep during their episodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚   At the opening of the play Hamlet is portrayed as a stable individual . He expresses disappointment in his mother for her seeming disregard for his father's death. His feelings are justified and his actions are rational at this point, he describes himself as being genuine. As this scene progresses it is revealed that Hamlet views himself as being weak: "My father's brother, but no more like my father/ than I to Hercules" (1.2.153) The doubts that Hamlet has concerning his heroism become particularly evident in his actions as the story progresses. These doubts are a major hindrance to his thoughts of revenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet wishes to avenge the murder of his father and rectify this great injustice. The conflict between his desire to seek revenge and his own thoughts of incompetence is the cause of his initial unrest. "Haste me to know't , that I , with wings as swift / As meditation or thoughts of love , / may sweep to my revenge (1.5.29-31).   Here Hamlet pleads to the Ghost of King Hamlet to reveal the name of his murderer.

Business value

There is increasing pressure on business to be more flexible and to deliver products and services to customers quickly. IT practices often inhibit these business goals. IT is expected to deliver both cheap, reliable operations AND create new business value. These goals can get confused by both business and IT leaders and leadership can mix these up when evaluating IT or when doing IT planning and budgeting. IT is a key player in delivering most business strategies these days. Too often, IT leaders see â€Å"getting to know the business† as secondary to almost every other IT Issue, such as planning and architecture.Spending time In the business Is seen as a â€Å"boondoggle. † â€Å"Technocrats† Is confusing and frustrating for business. This can work against IT plans and strategies because business leaders don't understand how these plans/strategies relate to their own needs, Issues, and strategies. Business expects IT communication to be In business language. 1. How effective is the partnership between IT and the business at Hefty Hardware? Identify the shortcomings of both IT and the business. DB 2. Create a plan for how IT and the business can work collaboratively to deliver theSway Store program successfully. DB Synopsis This case highlights a retail firm struggling to make sense of the increasing criticality of Information technology (IT) to the business and the value IT is currently delivering. Torn between â€Å"keeping the lights on† and â€Å"delivering new products and services to customers†, successive Close have failed to connect effectively with their business partners despite seemingly effective relationships at the mid-management level. How to collaborate effectively with the business at all levels remains the key IT challenge.

What +-Motivates Me

Different things motivate me to learn. I can relate to Sara’s story because I am about the same way when it comes to learning or doing something. I need to know I am going to gain something from it. I know that going back to school and getting my degree will better help my me get a better career and will benefit my family in the long run. I see myself making goals and visualizing me with my degree as Chris does with his â€Å"finish line† visual. I always prepare myself for something coming up and slowing me down which it has in the past. Real life experiences have knocked me down more than once and I can justify with Fred’s story on future and past experiences. I have been laid off first because I had no degree in my past and I look back at that and it motivates me a great deal to keep going forward with school. I like to learn new stuff and accept challenges in a new job or learning something new just like Jamie in her story. I think what content that motivates me the most me the most to learn is Practical context. It is hard for me to just go do something without knowing I am going to benefit from it. I am the type that has to have someone push me or set me straight. For example I went on a job interview and they really liked my experience and skills but told me I wasn’t going to work out because they needed someone with a BA degree and told me that once I got so many credits under my belt they would consider me in the future if a spot is available. I have seen several job postings and they want you to have college credits. I know if I get my degree I am going to gain a lot from it and that motivates me to get out there, learn and move forward. Personal context is something I can also relate to motivate me to learn because I always visualize me getting that degree and starting my career as a Social worker or a Parole officer, so when I actually see myself doing this I get motivated and excited to do my classes. If I ever have doubt or think I can’t, I really just visualize how it will be and it helps me.

Lustreware - Medieval Islamic Pottery Technique

Lustreware - Medieval Islamic Pottery Technique Lustreware (less commonly spelled lusterware) is a ceramic decorative technique invented by 9th century C.E. Abbasid potters of the Islamic Civilization, in what is today Iraq. The potters believed that making lustreware was true  alchemy  because the process involves using a lead-based glaze and silver and copper paint to create a golden shine on a pot that contains no gold. Chronology of Lustreware Abbasid 8th c -1000 Basra, IraqFatimid 1000-1170 Fustat, EgyptTell Minis 1170-1258 Raqqa, SyriaKashan 1170-present Kashan, IranSpanish (?)1170-present Malaga, SpainDamascus 1258-1401 Damascus, Syria Lustreware and the Tang Dynasty Lustreware grew out of an existing ceramic technology in Iraq, but its earliest form was clearly influenced by Tang dynasty potters from China, whose art was first seen by those of Islam through trade and diplomacy along the vast trade network called the Silk Road. As a result of ongoing battles for control of the Silk Road connecting China and the West, a group of Tang dynasty potters and other craftsmen were captured and held in Baghdad between 751 and 762 C.E. One of the captives was the Tang Dynasty Chinese craftsman Tou-Houan. Tou was among those artisans captured from their workshops near Samarkand by members of the Islamic Abbasid Dynasty after the Battle of Talas in 751 C.E. These men were brought to Baghdad where they stayed and worked for their Islamic captors for some years. When he returned to China, Tou wrote to the emperor that he and his colleagues taught the Abbasid craftsmen the important techniques of paper-making, textile manufacture, and gold-working. He didnt mention ceramics to the emperor, but scholars believe they also passed along how to make white glazes and the fine ceramic pottery called Samarra ware. They also likely passed along the secrets of silk-making, but thats another story entirely. What We Know of Lustreware The technique called lustreware developed over the centuries by a small group of potters who traveled within the Islamic state until the 12th century, when three separate groups began their own potteries. One member of the Abu Tahir family of potters was Abul Qasim bin Ali bin Muhammed bin Abu Tahir. In the 14th century, Abul Qasim was a court historian to the Mongol kings, where he wrote a number of treatises on various subjects. His best-known work is The Virtues of Jewels and the Delicacies of Perfume, which included a chapter on ceramics, and, most importantly, describes part of the recipe for lustreware. Abul Qasim wrote that the successful process involved painting copper and silver onto glazed vessels  and then refiring to produce the lustrous shine. The chemistry behind that alchemy was identified by a group of archaeologists and chemists, led by who reported Spains Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya researcher Trinitat Pradell, and discussed in detail in the Origins of Lustreware photo essay. The Science of Lusterware Alchemy Pradell and colleagues examined the chemical content of glazes and the resulting colored lusters of pots from the 9th through 12th centuries. Guiterrez et al. found that the golden metallic shine only occurs when there are dense nanoparticulated layers of glazes, several hundred nanometers thick, which enhance and broaden the reflectivity, shifting the color of the reflected light from blue to green-yellow (called a redshift). These shifts are only achieved with a high lead content, which potters deliberately increased over time from Abbasid (9th-10th centuries) to Fatimid (11th-12th centuries C.E.) luster productions. The addition of lead reduces the diffusivity of copper and silver in the glazes and helps the development of thinner luster layers with a high volume of nanoparticles. These studies show that although the Islamic potters may not have known about nanoparticles, they had tight control of their processes, refining their ancient alchemy by tweaking the recipe and production steps to achieve the best high reflecting golden shine. Sources Caiger-Smith A. 1985. Lustre Pottery: Technique, tradition, and innovation in Islam and the Western World. London: Faber and Faber. Caroscio M. 2010. Archaeological Data and Written Sources: Lustreware Production in Renaissance Italy, a Case Study. European Journal of Archaeology 13(2):217-244. Gutierrez PC, Pradell T, Molera J, Smith AD, Climent-Font A, and Tite MS. 2010. Color and Golden Shine of Silver Islamic Luster. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 93(8):2320-2328. Pradell, T. Temperature resolved reproduction of medieval luster. Applied Physics A, J. MoleraE. Pantos, et al., Volume 90, Issue 1, January 2008. Pradell T, Pavlov RS, Gutierrez PC, Climent-Font A, and Molera J. 2012. Composition, nanostructure, and optical properties of silver and silver-copper lusters. Journal of Applied Physics 112(5):054307-054310.

Cempoala - Totonac Capital and Ally of Hernan Cortes

Cempoala - Totonac Capital and Ally of Hernan Cortes Cempoala, also known as Zempoala or Cempolan, was the capital of the Totonacs, a pre-Columbian group that emigrated to the Gulf Coast of Mexico from the central Mexican highlands sometime before the Late Postclassic period. The name is a Nahuatl one, meaning twenty water or abundant water, a reference to the many rivers in the region. It was the first urban settlement encountered by the Spanish colonization forces in the early 16th century. The citys ruins lie near the mouth of the Actopan River about 8 kilometers (five miles) in from the Gulf of Mexico. When it was visited by Hernan Cortà ©s in 1519, the Spaniards found a huge population, estimated at between 80,000-120,000; it was the most populous city in the region.   Cempoala reached its fluorescence between the 12th and 16th century AD, after the previous capital El Tajin was abandoned after being invaded by Toltecan-Chichimecans. The City of Cempoala At its height during the late 15th century, Cempoalas population was organized into nine precincts. The urban core of Cempoala, which includes a monumental sector, covered a surface area of 12 hectares (~30 acres); housing for the citys population spread far beyond that. The urban center was laid out in the way common  to Totonac regional urban centers, with many circular temples dedicated to the wind god Ehecatl. There are 12 large, irregularly shaped walled compounds in the city center that contain the main public architecture, temples, shrines, palaces, and open plazas. The major compounds were composed of large temples bordered by platforms, which elevated the buildings above the flood level. The compound walls were not very high, serving as a symbolic function identifying the spaces which were not open to the public rather than for  defense purposes. Architecture at Cempoala Cempoalas central Mexican urban design and art reflect the norms of the central Mexican highlands, ideas which were reinforced by the late 15th-century Aztec dominance. Most of the architecture is built of river cobbles cemented together, and the buildings were roofed in perishable materials. Special structures such as temples, shrines, and elite residences had a masonry architecture built of cut stone. Important buildings include the Sun temple or Great Pyramid; the Quetzalcoatl temple; the Chimney Temple, which includes a series of semicircular pillars; the Temple of Charity (or Templo de las Caritas), named after the numerous stucco skulls that adorned its walls; the Cross Temple, and the El Pimiento compound, which has exterior walls decorated with skull representations. Many of the buildings have platforms with multiple stories of low height and vertical profile. Most are rectangular with broad stairways. Sanctuaries were dedicated with polychrome designs on a white background. Agriculture The city was surrounded by an extensive canal system and a series of aqueducts which provided water to the farm fields around the urban center as well as the residential areas. This extensive canal system allowed water distribution to fields, diverting water from main river channels. The canals were part of (or built onto) a large wetland irrigation system that is thought to have been built during the Middle Postclassic [AD 1200-1400] period. The system included an area of sloping field terraces, on which the city grew cotton, maize, and agave. Cempoala used their surplus crops to participate in the Mesoamerican trade system, and historic records report that when famine struck the Valley of Mexico between 1450-1454, the Aztecs were forced to barter their children to Cempoala for maize stores. The urban Totonacs at Cempoala and other Totonac cities used home gardens (calmil), backyard gardens which provided domestic groups at the family or clan level with vegetables, fruits, spices, medicines, and fibers. They also had private orchards of cacao or fruit trees. This dispersed agrosystem gave the residents flexibility and autonomy, and, after the Aztec Empire took hold, allowed the homeowners to pay tributes. Ethnobotanist Ana Lid del Angel-Perez argues that the home gardens may also  have acted as a laboratory, where people tested and validated new crops and methods of growing. Cempoala Under the Aztecs and Cortà ©s In 1458, the Aztecs under the rule of Motecuhzoma I invaded the region of the Gulf Coast. Cempoala, among other cities, was subjugated and became a tributary of the Aztec empire. Tributary items demanded by the Aztecs in payment included cotton, maize, chili, feathers, gems, textiles, Zempoala-Pachuca (green) obsidian, and many other products. Hundreds of Cempoalas inhabitants became slaves. When the Spanish conquest arrived in 1519 on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, Cempoala was one of the first cities visited by Cortà ©s. The Totonac ruler, hoping to break away from Aztec domination, soon became allies of Cortà ©s and his army. Cempoala was also the theater of the 1520 Battle of Cempoala between Cortà ©s and the captain Pnfilo de Narvaez, for the leadership in the Mexican conquest, which Cortà ©s handily won. After the Spanish arrival, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria spread throughout Central America. Veracruz was among the earliest regions affected, and the population of Cempoala sharply declined. Eventually, the city was abandoned and the survivors moved to Xalapa, another important city of Veracruz. Cempoala Archaeological Zone Cempoala was first explored archaeologically at the end of the 19th century by Mexican scholar Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. American archaeologist Jesse Fewkes documented the site with photographs in 1905, and the first extensive studies were conducted by Mexican archaeologist Josà © Garcà ­a Payà ³n between the 1930s and 1970s. Modern excavations at the site were conducted by the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) between 1979-1981, and Cempoalas central core was recently mapped by photogrammetry (Mouget and Lucet 2014). The site is located on the eastern edge of the modern town of Cempoala, and it is open to visitors year-round. Sources Adams REW. 2005 [1977], Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Third Edition. Norman: University of Oklahoma PressBruggemann JK. 1991. Zempoala: El estudio de una ciudad prehispanica. Coleccion Cientifica vol 232 INAH Mexico. Brumfiel EM, Brown KL, Carrasco P, Chadwick R, Charlton TH, Dillehay TD, Gordon CL, Mason RD, Lewarch DE, Moholy-Nagy H, et al. 1980. Specialization, Market Exchange, and the Aztec State: A View From Huexotla [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology 21(4):459-478.del Angel-Pà ©rez AL. 2013. Homegardens and the dynamics of Totonac domestic groups in Veracruz, Mexico. Anthropological Notebooks 19(3):5-22.Mouget A, and Lucet G. 2014. Photogrammetric archaeological survey with UAV. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II(5):251-258.Sluyter A, and Siemens AH. 1992. Vestiges of Prehispanic, Sloping-Field Terraces on the Piedmont of Central Veracruz, Mexico. Latin American Antiquity 3(2):148-160.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New Yo rk: Wiley-Blackwell. Wilkerson, SJK. 2001. Zempoala (Veracruz, Mexico) In: Evans ST, and Webster DL, editors. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p 850-852. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst

Introduction to early childhood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to early childhood - Assignment Example Economic and political system of the country currently influences early child education (Li & Chen 1). The government encourages parents to enroll their children to early childhood education because it strengthens their educational foundation. Studies confirm that this education increases the readiness of children to learn in higher education levels. Children with early childhood education backgrounds usually perform well in primary school. ECE not only improves students’ performance in schools, but is also influences their social and economic status in adulthood. In an effective early childhood education systems, teachers and parents have to ensure that they create a good relationship with children. Parents are also encouraged to cooperate with teachers in supporting their children’s early education. They should create a good relationship with children in order to enhance their intelligence and social competence. They should also ensure that their children attend preschool at the right age. The country’s Ministry of Education recommended that children should att end preschool at the age of 3 to 6 years. In China early childhood education, children are usually divided according to their ages. The government recommends three groups that include junior that consists of children of age 3, middle that has 4-year-old children and seniors who are 5 years old. Effective early childhood programs should consist of appropriate learning environments and effective curriculum. It should also have well trained caregivers who can effectively meet the needs of each child (Vaughan 1). In the past early childhood education in china was poor because parents paid little attention to it. This is because most of them were not aware of the importance of ECE. In addition, most of them were homemakers. As such, they did not see the need to take their young children to school since early childhood schools were viewed at care centers. However, currently with increased

Managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managment - Case Study Example All the meetings had a detailed agenda given to each member before the meeting (Nick at some point even jokes that he had not been given an agenda beforehand), the meeting would normally begin and end at the precise time (pg 20) they had been planned to end, and members of the executive at Decision Tech felt there was simply no enough time for engaging in meaningful debates as the time available was not enough (pg 47). Some of the behavioral norms established at Decision Tech by the executive team before Kathryn took over include: dependence, self-consciousness, superficiality, ignoring disagreements, not talking about misgivings, avoiding the consideration of what is considered a disturbing idea, feeling invulnerable, rationalizing threats away, discrediting of disconfirming information etc. Kathryn had noted that the meetings at decision Tech were characterized by silence, no member of the executive tem argued, and there was an undeniable tension during the meetings (pg 19). Silence in the meetings was not good. This is because it meant that members of the team preferred to keep silent and instead of engaging in meaningful arguments and developing conflicts that are highly valuable to the company’s management decisions. The executive team at Decision Tech experienced the four stages of team development. The core purpose of the forming stage is essentially to enable members of the team to become acquainted with one another and start seeing themselves as one integrated and cohesive unit. During the first off-site meeting Kathryn requested each member of the team to give personal histories. This meant that each would answer five nonintrusive personal questions that were related to their backgrounds (pg 52). After the brief personal history giving session by the members of the team, it was evident that the team was more at ease with each other than any time during the previous year. The goals of the Norming stage are to make

Learning to Look Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning to Look - Essay Example This feature makes it be more attractive to youth who participates in various activities such as games. Secondly, the products come in various colors in order to satisfy the interests of diverse range of customers. Different customers prefer products that have been branded using specific colors. In order to satisfy all market segments, Pepsi Company has branded the products using ribbons of different colors. Third, the products have been packed using different masses. This is to cater for different age groups ranging from small children to adults. Fourth, the bottle surface is rough rather than smooth an aspect that would make it not to slip from the hands of the users. Lastly, the products have been presented in different forms. These include unflavored and flavored water. This makes the customer to select his/her choice of the product (MacRury 2009). Three principles of art are well represented in this advert. First, art principle that is represented is repetition. The name Aquafina has been repeated in all related products. This makes the products to be distinct. Secondly, an aspect of variety is seen through the advert. The company has advertised variety of the products in order to attract different parts of the customers. In addition, this is aimed at increasing the market size. Lastly, the principle of unity is also well presented. All products are presented in one magazine an aspect that creates a unifying factor towards the products. This plays a very great role in segmenting the market. The product being advertised is refreshment. It has been advertised in youth magazine as a result, the major target of the advert is the teenagers. The text accompanying the product is simple to understand an aspect that makes the readers understand the use of the product. The clear image characterizes the product as of high quality and healthy for human consumption. This would

The Educational Curriculum In The Philippines Education Essay

The Educational Curriculum In The Philippines Education Essay The educational curriculum in the Philippines is low compared to other countries. Other countries are able to learn more advanced subjects and they are able to learn them properly. The reason why other countries are ahead of us in the educational aspect is because of the K12. K12 is a prolonged educational program that allows the students to learn more advanced subjects. Adding K12 to the curriculum will enhance the education of the country because schools will not need to quicken the learning process of the students, will learn more advanced subjects and will provide greater employment options. This essay will tackle the impact of changing the curriculum to K12. This essay will show why the Philippines is in need of a better curriculum. This essay will also discuss how K12 will affect the learning capabilities of the students, will tackle the advantages of K12 and the effects of it to the students and to the country. Naturally, the known definition of K12 is a 13-year educational program from kindergarten until high school. Recently, it has been proposed to be used. By changing our curriculum, students will surely have a higher standard of education. DepEd proposed this program to enhance the learning capabilities of the students. K12 provides students, as well as the country, many privileges with more time for students to study and understand their lessons; they will be able to do better in their exams. The students will be able to attain better education that will give them more job opportunities. Another reason why the Philippines has one of the lowest qualities of education in the world is because students are not given the right amount of time to understand their lessons. This change in our education will provide the country with a better economy. It only takes us 11-12 years to graduate from high school. K12 provides us with an extra year for teachers to teach more advanced subjects that students will take up only when they are in college. This will shorten the time of students stay in college. Surely without K12, the quality of education in the Philippines is low. Even other countries with low economy in Asia have better quality of education than the Philippines. Some high school graduates do not have what it takes in working for an international kind of work. Without this kind of quality education, Filipinos will not be able to compete with a high-end job abroad. K12 will give the Philippines a chance to be a better country by starting with changing our curriculum. Almost all of the countries in the world are having k12 as their basic education program. As a result, all of them have better education that we, Filipinos, might not have been able to acquire if the proposal that was not made by the DepEd. In fact, the Philippines was ranked one of the lowest in education last year. Students need time for them to properly understand a lesson. K12 provides students to have more time understanding the lessons, not just cramming them for a latter exam and forgetting them when the exams are over. K12 gives them a chance to learn more, to enjoy learning in a calm and enjoyable manner, and understand them better. Students will be able to do a better job in their exams and will be able to attain a better education if they understand the lessons taught. In other countries, they have an extended year for the students to study and learn. Here in the Philippines, students are forced to cram for a test because of the less time given to education here. K12 does not only provide time for students to study. It also offers more subjects in which students can take during their high school years. In other countries, they study calculus and other advance subjects in their high school years, giving them lesser time in college. They need not quicken their learning paces because they have the time to follow the pace they currently have. Here in the Philippines, high schools are only given a short amount of time thats why they cant put any of the advanced subjects. Because of K12, students in the Philippines will have a better education. The United States (US) and the Philippines both have proper education for their students, but US provides greater employment options because of their K12 while the Philippines does not have great employment options due to the lack of knowledge given in the high schools. They both have the just right standard of education for their students. US, with K12 in their curriculum, provide better education, thus providing better employment options. Studying requires time for students to completely understand what they need to learn. Better education is attained by them because of the prolonged time of studying. They are able to understand and execute what they have learned properly in the business world. The students afterwards are able to get better employment options because they have studied well. US have better colleges than the best university in the Philippines. They are able to mould their future leaders properly. Being able to study in a prestigious university in US, students have the opportunity to be accepted by any corporation or firm in the world. The Philippines on the other hand has a lower education compared to US. We are even one of the lowest in Asia. Filipinos, who are going abroad for work, are most likely to land on a low-end job because of the low quality of education. OFWs are most likely to be caretakers or janitors abroad. (Other countries offer low employment options for Filipinos because the standard of education in the Philippines is low compared to the others.) They take employees from US or other countries that have a high education who are fit for the job. Only 25% of Filipinos get a high-end job abroad when they are against Americans. From what has been discussed in the earlier paragraphs, the Philippines, as well as the citizens will have a better education and a better future by adding K12 to the educational curriculum. Students will lead our future. With a better quality of education, students will be able to obtain this kind of future. The economy of the Philippines will rise as our labor force attains better education. With this kind of educational curriculum, students will be able to understand their lessons well and will be able to execute what they have learned properly. K12 will be of good use to the students and it might bring forth a new beginning for the country.

Compare and Contrast the Ideas and Techniques of the Poets in the some

Compare and Contrast the Ideas and Techniques of the Poets in the some of the Love Poems we have Studied Love is a very popular topic for poetry. This is because love is one of the only things that there is no scientific fact no true definition and can be thought of in so many different ways. Poets can use poems to portray all the different types of love that people feel, romantic, young, stereotypical, fake, possessive, physical, the list is endless. Three poems that portray some of these are â€Å"The Flea†, â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† and â€Å"A Woman to her Lover†. I like the poems â€Å"The Flea† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† by John Donne because of the imagery and metaphors he uses to give us an understanding of both poems. I also like the poem â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† by Christina Walsh because it gives a woman’s view of love. This gives a significant contrast to Donne’s poems. â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is a good contrast to â€Å"The Flea† since in â€Å"The Flea† the man who is talking is trying to persuade the woman to sleep with him when she is trying to refuse. Whilst in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† the man speaking is trying to persuade the woman being apart from each other will not break them up. In both poems Donne uses very strong imagery as a persuasive technique. For example there is a very good and strong in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning†. Donne uses a compass to define the woman and the man moving away from each other. He uses the idea of the compass by making his lover the pointed end that stays in the same place and him being the end that has the lead attached which moves back and forth. Donne uses the image to show how even if he moves back and forth, ... ...elebration of their love. Christina Walsh talks of the music of the spheres, this is because as the planets moved the planets made music so joyous the heavens rejoiced in their love. This is a strong and another Biblical image to show how greater love the woman wants to have with her lover. â€Å"And we shall have the music of the spheres for bridal march† These three poems represent three couples who seem completely different because of the way they want to show their love but also alike. â€Å"The Flea† is an example of the stereotypical desire for physical love, â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† is an example of a woman who is expecting this stereotypical love but yet wants true and holy love. Finally â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is an example of this pure and great love that does not have physical needs, the love that the woman in â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† wants. Compare and Contrast the Ideas and Techniques of the Poets in the some Compare and Contrast the Ideas and Techniques of the Poets in the some of the Love Poems we have Studied Love is a very popular topic for poetry. This is because love is one of the only things that there is no scientific fact no true definition and can be thought of in so many different ways. Poets can use poems to portray all the different types of love that people feel, romantic, young, stereotypical, fake, possessive, physical, the list is endless. Three poems that portray some of these are â€Å"The Flea†, â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† and â€Å"A Woman to her Lover†. I like the poems â€Å"The Flea† and â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† by John Donne because of the imagery and metaphors he uses to give us an understanding of both poems. I also like the poem â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† by Christina Walsh because it gives a woman’s view of love. This gives a significant contrast to Donne’s poems. â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is a good contrast to â€Å"The Flea† since in â€Å"The Flea† the man who is talking is trying to persuade the woman to sleep with him when she is trying to refuse. Whilst in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† the man speaking is trying to persuade the woman being apart from each other will not break them up. In both poems Donne uses very strong imagery as a persuasive technique. For example there is a very good and strong in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning†. Donne uses a compass to define the woman and the man moving away from each other. He uses the idea of the compass by making his lover the pointed end that stays in the same place and him being the end that has the lead attached which moves back and forth. Donne uses the image to show how even if he moves back and forth, ... ...elebration of their love. Christina Walsh talks of the music of the spheres, this is because as the planets moved the planets made music so joyous the heavens rejoiced in their love. This is a strong and another Biblical image to show how greater love the woman wants to have with her lover. â€Å"And we shall have the music of the spheres for bridal march† These three poems represent three couples who seem completely different because of the way they want to show their love but also alike. â€Å"The Flea† is an example of the stereotypical desire for physical love, â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† is an example of a woman who is expecting this stereotypical love but yet wants true and holy love. Finally â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† is an example of this pure and great love that does not have physical needs, the love that the woman in â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† wants.

Ballard Test

The Ballard test is a scale used to estimate the gestational age of a newborn infant. The test evaluates the neuromuscular and physical maturity of an infant. There are six different areas of neuromuscular maturity that are rated. Seven different areas of physical maturity are rated based on observation of the infant. Gestational age is the measure of time an infant spends growing in the womb before birth.It’s an important factor to determine because it can be an indicator of any potential problems that the newborn might develop. Gestational age can also reveal whether or not it was a healthy pregnancy.Assessing Neurological Features In order to assess the newborn’s neurological features the infant should be awake, not crying and lying on her back. You then score the infants posture based on your observation of free movement of the limbs. The following features are scored based on your observation when you manipulate the limbs: square window, arm recoil, popliteal angle , scarf sign and heel to ear. Assessing External Features The external features are scored based on your observation of the infant. These external features include: skin, lanugo, plantar creases, breast, ear, genitalia.Scoring External and neurological features are rated based on a score of zero to four. When scoring you should observe both sides of the infant and half scores can be used. All the scores are then added up for a final score. The final score is then compared to a table which gives the approximate gestational age. If the final score is within two weeks of the mother’s dates, then her dates are acceptable. If the dates are over or under two weeks of the score then the mother’s dates should be deemed incorrect and you should accept the gestational age based on the Ballard score.Besides the Ballard test, you can look for observable clinical signs to help determine whether the infant is full-term or pre-term. You should observe such things as sucking ability, flexing of arms and legs, whether or not you can see the veins under the skin, development of the nipple and breast bud, descended testes and covered labia minora. The weight and head circumference of the infant should also be taken into consideration. Learning Objectives †¢ The first learning objective is to describe the Ballard scales used in assessing the newborn.†¢ The second learning objective is to define the purposes of the scales. †¢ The third learning objective is to explain the importance of the newborn’s Ballard scores. †¢ The fourth learning objective is to describe normal and abnormal gestational age relative to the weight of the newborn. Definitions †¢ The first definition of the Ballard test is to determine normal and abnormal features of a newborn. †¢ The second definition of the Ballard test is to determine normal neurological responses of a newborn.†¢ The third definition of the Ballard test is to discern normal physiologic al features of a newborn. †¢ The fourth definition of the Ballard test is to determine the gestational age of the newborn and the correlation between the gestational age and the weight of the newborn. Teaching Methodology †¢ A prior knowledge of embryology and fetal physiology is helpful. A basic knowledge of antepartum and intrapartum care is necessary. As well as familiarity with maternal screening tests and common maternal complications that may arise.†¢ Develop questions to be asked in order to gather information and history related to pregnancy, labor and delivery. †¢ List the key elements of the physical assessment of a newborn. †¢ Discuss how all of these elements in conjunction with the Ballard test can determine the gestational age of the newborn. †¢ Identify the important indicators of gestational maturity and immaturity. †¢ Discuss the effects that gestational age has on a newborn. †¢ Discuss the transition of the newborn from the w omb into the environment.A Nursing diagnosis or NANDA †¢ Actual diagnosis – Ineffective airway clearance related to decreased energy as manifested by an ineffective cough. †¢ Risk diagnosis – Risk for injury related to altered mobility and disorientation. †¢ Possible diagnosis – Possible fluid volume deficit related to frequent vomiting for three days as manifested by increased pulse rate. †¢ Syndrome diagnosis – Rape-trauma syndrome related to anxiety about potential health problems as manifested by anger, genitourinary discomfort, and sleep pattern disturbance.†¢ Wellness diagnosis – Potential for enhanced organized infant behavior, related to prematurity and as manifested by response to visual and auditory stimuli. ( (Nanda Nursing Diagnosis) Works Cited â€Å"Assessing The Gestational Age. † 2005. Newborn Care. 14 October 2008 . Hull, J. W. â€Å"Ballard scale. † 1996-2008 . drhull. com. 14 October 2008 . â€Å"Nanda Nursing Diagnosis. † 2007. Right Health. 16 October 2008 .

Do God Exist ?

Thesis Statements 1. Because of man’s ignorance and curiosity, arguments for the existence of God have been made over the years. Basically, these arguments are divided into two large groups i. e. logical and metaphysical. Actually, these arguments seek to prove that the existence of a being or having faith with at least one attribute that only God could have is logically necessary. 2. Believing and having faith in God will only resort to one thing—goodness. 3. Faith has something to do with one’s conception about God. 4. The existence of God remains a matter of faith since it’s difficult to â€Å"prove† God to someone who does not believe. . There are arguments that attempts to give information of what they know about the existence of God. And that’s it. It is now our choice if we believe or not but the important thing is we must hold on in our faith. Read more:  http://ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2010/02/thesis-statements-res ults-of-having-faith-in-god. html#ixzz2CwZzjm00 4 Primary Arguments for God's Existence Written by Michael Vlach. Perhaps the hottest topic in all of philosophy concerns the existence of God. Thus the question—â€Å"Does God exist? † Our answer to this question affects how we view the world, how we behave, and what we expect for the future.If God exists, then we are probably accountable to this God. The universe may have meaning and purpose. Plus, our own existence may not cease at physical death. If God does not exist, however, then we are probably here by chance and are not accountable to some transcendent being. This life may be all we have, so live your life however you see fit and enjoy it. Traditionally, there have been four major arguments for God’s existence: (1) the cosmological argument; (2) the teleological argument; (3) the ontological argument; and (4) the moral law argument.Below are explanations of each of the arguments and the common responses to them. 1. Cosmological Argument The term â€Å"cosmological† comes from the Greek word â€Å"kosmos† which means â€Å"world. † The cosmological argument for God’s existence goes like this: The world could not exist on its own so there must have been a first cause that brought it into being. This first cause is God. Or put another way, the universe could not just exist on its own—someone or something must have made it. This cause of the universe is God. Three criticisms of the cosmological argument have been offered.First, some say matter is eternal and is not in need of a â€Å"first cause. † Second, some say â€Å"If everything needs a cause, what caused God? † Third, some say that even if it is true that some being caused our universe to exist, this does not prove the existence of the Christian God. All it shows is that there is some powerful being that created the universe, but this does not necessarily mean that this creator was the God of the Bible. 2. Teleological Argument The teleological argument is also known as â€Å"the argument from design† (The Greek word â€Å"telos† means â€Å"purpose† or â€Å"design. †).The argument goes like this: The universe evidences great complexity or design; thus, it must have been designed by a great Designer or God. The argument from design can be likened to a watch. A watch is obviously made by a watchmaker. The world, which is much more complex than a watch, must also have been designed by a great Designer or Divine Watchmaker (God). In sum, the teleological argument asserts that the universe evidences too much complexity to be the product of random chance. We know that the celestial bodies move with perfect accuracy in their orbits. Our bodies, too, are incredibly complex.According to the teleological argument, there’s just no way all this complexity could â€Å"just happen. † God must have created it all. There have been t hree responses to the teleological argument. First, some say the teleological argument is guilty of a â€Å"weak analogy† because it assumes a significant resemblance between natural objects (ex. rocks, trees) and objects we know have been designed (ex. watches, skyscrapers). Thus, comparing natural objects with objects we know have been created by humans is like comparing apples and oranges. The analogy just doesn’t work.Second, some say that the theories of the big bang and evolution better explain the complexity in the universe. Third, some say that even if the teleological argument is true, it does not prove the existence of the Christian God. 3. Ontological Argument The third argument for God’s existence is the ontological argument. This argument is unlike the cosmological and teleological arguments in that it does not argue from evidence in the natural world. Thus, it is not a â€Å"cause and effect† argument. The ontological argument can be stated in this way: â€Å"God is the greatest being imaginable.One of the aspects of perfection or greatness is existence. Thus, God exists. † Or put another way—â€Å"The fact that God can be conceived means that he must exist. † This argument for God’s existence was developed by the twelfth century theologian and philosopher, Anselm. It is based on Anselm’s declaration that God is â€Å"that which nothing greater can be conceived. † The ontological argument has been very controversial. Even many who believe in God’s existence question its validity. A contemporary of Anselm named Guanilo responded to Anselm. Guanilo said that one could imagine a perfect island but that did not mean a perfect island exists.Others have said you can imagine a unicorn but that does not mean unicorns exist. Thus, many challenge the idea that the idea of God must mean that God exists. 4. Moral Law Argument Another argument for the existence of God is the moral la w argument. It goes like this: Without God morality would be impossible. There must be a Lawgiver (God) who originates and stands by moral law. A universal moral law cannot exist accidentally. There must be a basis behind it—God. According to this view, every person is born with an inherent understanding of right and wrong.Everyone, for instance, understands that killing an innocent person is wrong. Everyone understands that helping a drowning person is right. Where did this internal understanding of right and wrong come from? According to adherents of the moral law argument, this understanding comes from God. He put it into the hearts of every person. There have been two responses to the moral law argument. First, some deny that there are universal truths. Many today believe that truth is subjective and relative. Societies and individuals determine what is true for them, but there is no God that does this.Second, some say that the presence of evil in the world argues against a Moral Lawgiver. If God is all-powerful and all-good, how can evil exist in the world? The arguments and counterarguments for God’s existence remain controversial. The cosmological, teleological, and moral law arguments remain popular with Christian apologists today. The ontological argument is not as well received although some today still asserts its validity. It should be noted that most Christian theologians and philosophers believe that God never intended for his existence to be something that could be proven with 100% certainty.They point out that faith is an important component in understanding God and his existence. Arguments  for and against the  existence of God  have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others for thousands of years. Inphilosophical  terms, arguments for and against the existence of  God  involve primarily the sub-disciplines of  epistemology  (theory of knowledge) andontology  (nature of god) and also the   theory of value, since concepts of perfection are connected to notions of God. The debate concerning the existence of God is one of the oldest and most discussed debates in  human history.A wide variety of arguments exist which can be categorized asmetaphysical,  logical,  empirical, or  subjective. The existence of God is subject to lively debate in philosophy,[1]  the  philosophy of religion, and  popular culture. The Western tradition of the existence of God began with  Plato  and  Aristotle, who made arguments for God's existence that would now be categorized as  cosmological arguments. Later,  Epicurus  formulated the  problem of evil: if God is  omnipotent,  omniscient  and  omnibenevolent, why does evil exist?The field of  theodicy  arose from attempts to answer this question. Other thoughts about the existence of God have been proposed by  St. Anselm, who formulated the first  ontological argument;  Ibn Rushd (Averroes)  an d  Aquinas, who presented their own versions of the cosmological argument (thekalam  argument  and the  first way), respectively;  Descartes, who said that the existence of a benevolent God was  logically necessary  for the evidence of the senses to be meaningful; and  Immanuel Kant, who argued that the existence of God can be deduced from the existence of  good.Thinkers who have provided arguments against the existence of God include  David Hume, Kant,  Nietzsche  and  Bertrand Russell. In modern culture, the question of God's existence has been discussed by philosophers and scientists such as  Stephen Hawking,  Richard Dawkins,  Daniel Dennett,  Richard Swinburne,William Lane Craig, and  Alvin Plantinga. Atheists maintain that arguments for the existence of God show insufficient reason to believe. Certain  theists  acknowledge that belief in the existence of God may not be amenable to demonstration or refutation, but rests on  faith  alo ne, a position called  fideism.The  Catholic Church  maintains that knowledge of the existence of God is available in the â€Å"natural light of human reason† alone. [2]  Other religions, such as  Buddhism, do not concern themselves the existence of gods at all. Does God Exist? by  Tawa Anderson Is there a God? 1  How can you be  sure  that God exists? Can you  prove  to me that God is real? Does the existence (or lack thereof) of God make any significant difference? Was Nietzsche right in declaring: â€Å"God is dead! †? These questions strike at the very heart of human existence, and cry out for our personal attention and deliberation.Furthermore, these questions must be answered before we can inquire into the truth of Christianity. After all, if there is no God, then Jesus certainly isn’t God in the flesh! If there is no God, there is no Christian faith worth considering. In this brief essay, I will share three persuasive clues (traditio nally called arguments or proofs) that point to the existence of God. This is not an apologetic for  Christianity, but rather for basic  theism  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ an argument that God exists, not an argument that the  Christian  God is real. God ExistsGod must exist because something must have caused the first moment in time and that something is God. This is summarized by, Saint  Thomas Aquinas  in his theory of cause. He presented five arguments for the existence of god in his masterwork the  Summa Theologiae. In the argument about casualty he stated the following premises: 1. The  natural world  includes events that occur. 2. In thenatural world, every event has a cause, and no event causes itself. 3. In the  natural world, causes must precede their effects. 4. In the  natural world, there are no infinite cause/effect chains. 5.Hence there is an  entity outside  of nature (a supernatural being), which causes the first event that occurs in the world. In our  f inite world  of existence, an event cannot cause itself, and if there is no first cause, there would not be any effects. So, God is the first cause. God must exist since all his premises are all in support of his conclusion that the first cause is God. An atheist is likely to say that the Big Bang was the first cause, but Aquinas’s premises and conclusion will refute this theory, as we will view later. I agree with this theory of cause, because I believe that our existence could