WiMax Networks and WPAN Technologies

Question: Discuss about theWiMax Networks and WPAN Technologies. Answer: Introduction Data Encryption Standards for WiMax Networks There are a number of data encryption standards that are available and are applied in case of the WiMax Networks. The first standard that was developed is the Data Encryption Standard that is popularly known as DES. It was based on the Lucifer algorithm and since it was the first of its kinds there were a number of mechanisms that were developed to break in to the security that was provided with this standard. The second data encryption standard is 3DES which stands for triple DES. The encryption techniques that are present in this standard are similar to that of DES. However, it offers advances security due to the application of this standard thrice over the network so that it becomes difficult for the attackers and the intruders to break in to the security. The third standard is the Advances Encryption Standard which is abbreviated as AES and is advancement over DES. It offers improved encryption and data security so that the privacy and the security of the network and the information that is exchanged over the same are maintained all throughout. The only attack that has ever been made possible in this standard is the Brute Force attack. The combinations in this attack are huge in number of it becomes next to impossible for the attackers to succeed in this attack as well (Doe, 2016). Compare and Contrast Factor DES 3DES AES Developed The standard was developed and introduced in the year 1977 The standard was developed and introduced in the year 1978 The standard was developed and introduced in the year 2000 Key Length The key length in case of this standard is fixed at 56 bits There are three keys that are involved with this standard as K1, K2 and K3 of 168 bits. The length of K1 and K2 is the same as 112 bits (Aleisa, 2016) The key length in this standard can have three varying options as 128 or 192 or 256 bits Cipher Type Symmetric block cipher is used in this standard for data encryption Symmetric block cipher is used in this standard for data encryption Symmetric block cipher is used in this standard for data encryption Block Size The block size in this standard is fixed at 64 bits The block size in this standard is fixed at 64 bits The block size in this standard can have three varying options as 128 or 192 or 256 bits Level of Security Inadequate due to a number of security loopholes More secure as compared to DES and moderate security capability Very secure Cryptanalysis Resistance It is vulnerable to differential as well as the linear cryptanalysis It is vulnerable to differential cryptanalysis It is safe and secure against the differential as well as the linear cryptanalysis Possible Keys There can be a maximum of 256 keys in case of this standard There can be a maximum of 2112 or 2168 keys in case of this standard depending upon the key length that is selected There can be a maximum of 2128, 2192 or 2256 keys in case of this standard depending upon the key length that is selected Time required to check all the possible keys All the possible keys of 56 bit length can be checked in around 400 days if the speed is maintained at 50 billion keys per second All the possible keys of 112 bit length can be checked in around 800 days if the speed is maintained at 50 billion keys per second All the possible keys of 128 bit length can be checked in around 5x1021 years if the speed is maintained at 50 billion keys per second (Alanazi, 2010) Security Challenges in WPAN Technologies The two most popular and widely used WPAN technologies are Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. There are a number of security challenges that are present in these technologies and the two main challenges that are common to both of these technologies are as listed below (Wmich, 2016). The most common attack that is seen in case of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi is the Denial of Service (DoS) attack. It is an attack that hampers the availability of the information. It works by flooding the WPAN with a lot of unnecessary traffic that ultimately leads to the unavailability of the service. Bluetooth connections share the bandwidth with a number of other connections such as cordless phones and many others and thus are exposed to interference. The attackers make use of the same and cause the signal jamming. Bluesmack, Bluejacking and Bluestab are some of the popular DoS attacks in case of Bluetooth (Al-kfairy Ryke, 2016). Impersonation attacks are the second category of the attacks that are common in the two WPAN technologies. There are several occurrences in which the attackers impersonate as an authenticated entity and gain the trust of the user at the opposite end. It results in the acquiring of important and valuable information through unauthorized manner. These attacks impact the confidentiality and integrity of the information as the attackers succeed in gaining the hold of the information and then get the ability to misuse the same. Once the connections are authenticated due to the impersonation attacks, the attackers can also play with the user privileges or may add other unsafe connection in to the network. There can also be instances of the requests placed by the affected device to the other users in the network without the knowledge of the device owner. These impersonation attacks are more common in case of Wi-Fi connections as compared to the Bluetooth connections. However, the compromise on the security is the same in both the cases (Rajamohan, 2016). References Alanazi, H. (2010). New Comparative Study Between DES, 3DES and AES within Nine Factors. Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1003/1003.4085.pdf Aleisa, N. (2016). A Comparison of the 3DES and AES Encryption Standards. Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://www.sersc.org/journals/IJSIA/vol9_no7_2015/21.pdf Al-kfairy, M. Ryke, S. (2016). Bluetooth Security. Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://www.ida.liu.se/~TDDD17/oldprojects/2008/projects/10.pdf Doe, P. (2016). Comparison between DES, 3DES, AES and Blowfish (Data Encryption Algorithms). Bright Hub. Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://www.brighthub.com/computing/smb-security/articles/75099.aspx Rajamohan, P. (2016). Analysis and Issues of Wireless Protocols Standard Suits in WPAN. Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://www.ijcnwc.org/papers/vol4no42014/2vol4no4.pdf Wmich,. (2016). Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). Retrieved 21 September 2016, from https://cs.wmich.edu/~alfuqaha/Fall09/cs6030/lectures/WPAN.pdf

Argumentative Histoooryl Essay Sample

Argumentative Histoooryl Essay SampleArgumentative Histoooryl essay sample is a valuable resource for all students. This means, it can help you excel in your studies. This approach will allow you to learn the methods of argumentation while maintaining the flow of a persuasive writing style. It is designed in a way that will teach you how to combine and connect sentences and paragraphs for maximum effect.When you read this and try it out, you will find that you are able to write your very own essay, which is very motivating. You will also find that this mode of writing is suitable for people of all ages and backgrounds. This can help students in their studies. It is a great tool that can help you impress your readers with your writing skills.The first step to write a persuasive essay is to prepare a thesis statement. You need to establish the main point you want to express and the arguments that support your thesis. You should be able to determine which kind of argument will suit you the best. As there are many kinds of persuasive writing styles, the student has to choose the best style to use.So before you start working on a persuasive essay, you should learn the various techniques and strategies you need to follow. While many of us are familiar with the persuasive styles, you might be a little confused on what these are and how to use them. One of the most effective approaches is the 'Point of View' approach. In this method, you place one's main point first. You then move on to make your argument to support it.One great question that you might be asking is what are the right places to use this writing style? There are many instances where you have to use this approach. An example is when you are presenting factson television or in an essay. You might want to mention the main points and demonstrate them, and then present supporting facts, so that the reader feels that you are giving all the facts in order to convince the reader.Another thing you might consider when learning how to write a persuasive essay is the 'In your face' style. In this, you can make a statement as if you are putting emphasis on it. This style is perfect when you are attempting to show something with the power of your words and not necessarily write a whole essay. This style can help you in making persuasive statements to convince the reader to accept what you say.Finally, the third style of persuasive essay is the 'Direct to the Point' style. Here, you can present an idea very fast and without embellishing on it. This style is most suitable when you have a specific point to make and can present this point as fast as possible.So when you are starting a persuasive essay, you can find help by reading this. You can also try this style of writing. It can help you become a better writer, and also help you get an edge over other writers in your field. You might find out that you have a new style to use and can easily adapt it to your style of writing.

Religion And Motivation In Learning Essays - Educational Psychology

Religion and Motivation in Learning Religion Journal Assignment Respect is a very important aspect of class discipline. Respect towards peers, property, and the teacher all lead to the student in being the best student they can be. If the student does not respect anything in the classroom, the learning process is hampered by the student themselves; they are the ones without respect, therefore they do not want to learn and are totally responsible for the grade they are given. Respect is fundamental in the process of learning. Effort is second most important in the learning process. If the student does not want to learn, what will they learn? Will they learn everything, or nothing? If the student does not give full effort and listen everytime a lesson is presented, he will not learn anything, therefore failing the course. This depends on the degree of effort, if the effort is high, and the student is somewhat oriented towards attaining a good grade, a high grade of effort will be presented. Effort is the best way in determining a student's will to learn. The course of religion consists of 6 units, some of them concerning what we believe in, why we believe in it, and what can be observed in the future. The religion course encourages us to explore our heritage and our beliefs, something we may never had fully understood. The course helps us to fully understand why we go to a catholic school, for one thing. The course gives an overview of the history of the religion, and what has happened through centuries. It shows us what we believe in, how DO WE understand creation, and then gives us an understanding of creation. This is the first unit. The following units gives us an explanation of de-creation, re- creation, the covenant, nationhood, and division. All of these will contribute to our fully understanding our religion. The course goes over 6 units and over 30 sub-units. The methods shown in the table of contents describes a medium rich in examples and simple understanding. Describing information in a method that is both easily communicated and transmitted relaxes the need for both effort and hard study. If the information is easily presented, the maximum amount of learning can be attained through the least amount of study, thereby making learning purely efficient and easy. The methods shown are both simple and effective, thereby making learning more efficient.

Civics Questions Essays - Constitutional Law, Rights, James Madison

Civics Questions Essays - Constitutional Law, Rights, James Madison Civics Questions 1. How is government authority in the United States limited? Give one example. The government can not interfere with those rights granted to the people through the Constitution or the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court is there to protect our individual rights and freedoms. 2.What is the difference between absolute rights and relative rights? No person has an absolute freedom of speach; they are not free to say whatever they like. We do have a relative freedom of speech though, we may say whatever we like as long as it does not interfere with the rights of others. 3. Do all of the rights guarented by the Constitution apply to all people in the United States? Explain. Most rights in the constitution are for all people in the United States, aliens as well as citizens. But not for all rights. For instance, the right to travel freely does not always apply to aliens, especially during times of war. 4. What is the Bill of Rights? When and why was it added to the Constitution? The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the constitution, gauranteeing many rights to the people of the United States. It was added to the constitution in 1791 to meet one of the major objections in the ratification of the Constitution. 5.What effect has the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause had on the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights on it's own applies only to the national government, not the states. The 14th amendment "nationalized" the Bill of Rights applying most of it's restrictions to the states also. 6. Why are the rights set out in the 1st amendment called "fundamental freedoms"? These rights, the right to have freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, are fundamental freedoms because the are the basis of American government. Our system would not work without these basic freedoms. 7. What is the excessive entanglement standard? Why is it important? A state's school aid law must meet theses requirements: (1) the purpose of the aid must be clearly secular, not religous, (2) its primary effect must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and (3) it must avoid an excessive entanglement of government with religion. It is important to prevent three main "evils"; sponsorship, financial support, and active involvement of the sovereign in religous activities. 8. The Free Exercise Clause protects an absolute right to what? A relative right to what? It provides an absolute right to believe whatever a person wants to believe in the matters of religion. But it only applies a relative right to act as in matters of religion. 9. What are the two fundamental purposes of the 1st and 14th Amendments' protections of free speech, free press, petition, and assembly? (1) To gaurantee to each person a right of free expression - in the spoken and the written word, and by all other means of comunication as well; and (2) To ensure to all persons a full, wide-ranging discussion of public affairs. 10. List two examples of types of speech or expression that are not protected by the Constitution. Explain why these actions are not protected. Slander-Because it infringes on the rights of others. Obscenity- is also not allowed because it infringes on other's rights. 11. What is prior restraint? Is it constitutional? Prior restraint is to curb ideas before they are expressed, and no it is not constitutional. 12. What kinds of assembly are not protected by the Constitution? Why? Those in which the participants trespass on private property, and those that inhibit the running of public service places like schools and court houses. 13. Why has the Supreme Court often upheld state and local laws that require advance notice and permits for demonstrations in public places? Because the authority of a municipality to maintain safety supercedes the right for demonstrations. 14. What is the Smith Act? The Mccarran Act? What has been the effect of Supreme Court decisions involving these laws? Smith act-it is unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the United States government. McCarran- All Communist-Action and Comunist-Front's must register with the Attorney General. They have both been sharply limited, leaving them as hollow shells.

World war one and US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World war one and US - Essay Example The main purpose of the war was struggling for division of the world. However, the United States wasn’t in hurry to enter the war. First of all, a conflict between the US and other countries hadn’t reached the extreme point that could lead to military actions; secondly, the majority of Americans didn’t think that interfering into European affairs (and vice versa) was a good idea. The third reason was that US army wasn’t ready for large-scale war, because it was formed on a voluntary basis and had approximately 100  000 badly trained soldiers. But in the 7th of May 1915 German submarine sank the British largest passenger liner â€Å"Luisitania†, including 128 Americans that were on board. A report about this event caused a storm of dissatisfaction in the United States. Despite multiple warnings, German repeatedly attacked American ships. President Woodrow Wilson was an advocate of nonintervention of USA into European war, but the actions of the Ger mans forced him to announce the transition to the US policy of armed neutrality (26th of February 1917), which meant a gap of diplomatic relations between the US and Germany. The further German aggression forced Wilson to enter the war (6 of April 1917) on Allies’ side, against Germany (Kennedy 46). For the first time in US history a law on conscription was passed. Losses suffered by Americans were relatively not that big (approximately 104,000 lives). For comparison, 26 million people were killed during the entire war, half of them were civilians. The war abruptly changed the balance of forces in world political arena. It provoked huge amount of revolutions: Bolsheviks came to power in Russia and formed their own government, Germany and Austria-Hungary collapsed and lost their influence. The military destruction and revolutions weakened Europe, while US entry into the war caused new rise of

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Business strategy - Essay Example In order to formulate and evaluate new prospective business strategies of the company, one needs to analyze the internal and external audit results of the organization (McEachern, 2012). Cath Kidston has a high brand value in the global market. The company has a long learning curve in business and owns a considerable share of industry demand. The products offered by the company are rare, unique and non imitable in nature. The aggregate revenue and economic surplus of the organization is steadily increasing over time. In 2013, the gross sale of the organization was worth  £100 million (Cathkidston, 2014). The organization is experiencing increasing profit and revenue in both domestic and foreign markets. After growth of internet penetration rate in all the countries around the world, Cath Kidston Ltd has successfully enhanced the volume of its e-commerce sales (Cathkidston, 2014). The online retailing stores of the company are able to offer cost effective services to a larger strength of prospective buyers. Cath Kidston owns a strong supply chain management system. However, the products offered by the company are primarily targeted towards the young and middle aged women. Cath Kidston’s products are popular for its unique floral designs. The case study claims that the company manufactures women accessories such as hand bags and home ware products (Cathkidston, 2014). The company faces certain delivery and product quality related problems in its online trade. The foreign business of Cath Kidston is more prosperous than its native business status. The company has relinquished majority of its stake to a private equity firm, TA Associates. Cath Kidston is the owner of only 23% stake of the Kidston Limited (Cathkidston, 2014). The company sold majority stakes because of financial crisis in the business. The company will not be

What is the Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emissions?

What is the Impact of Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Alvena Nance Abstract Are we paying attention to the effects of carbon dioxide emissions and doing everything we can eliminate the negative effect it has on our overall air quality, our agriculture, and the environment? In the world the United States stands second to China among the ranks of other countries that utilizes carbon dioxide as the primary source of emissions. Energy Choices We count on the common forms of energy that are known as fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, that when combined we breathe them. It is vital that this out pouring of energy or emission into our environment is processed and monitored with the greatest accuracy so it does not negatively affect us, our country, our climate, and our agriculture. In 2016 China with 28.21 percent and the United States with 15.99 percent were the largest producers of carbon dioxide emission worldwide. World carbon dioxide emissions are one way of measuring a countrys economic growth too. The latest figures published by the respected Energy Information Administration show CO2 emissions consumption the vast majority of carbon dioxide produced. On pure emissions alone, the key points are: China emits more than CO2 than the United States and Canada put together up by 171% since 2000 The United States has had declining CO2 for two years running, the last time the United States had declining CO2 for 3 years running was in the 1980s The United States is expected to decrease their carbon dioxide emissions by 46 percent by 2040. Looking at the two leading countries agriculture growth China is the leader in gross value of agriculture outpour is rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed, pork and fish. The United States ranks high in wheat, corn, other grains, fruit, vegetable, cotton, beef, pork, poultry, poultry, dairy products, fish and forest products. The comparison between China and Americas materials and energy production and consumption in the early 2000s with those of today. China now produces, and consumes approximately 60% of the worlds cement and second to that on the planet is India. As far as cement goes, China produces thirty times more cement each year then America. Chinas cement industry is the significant contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions.ÂÂ   Interestingly that in a single decade China went from producing 20% of the worlds steel to producing half of it. The comparison with America is equally striking. Given that almost 7% of global carbon dioxide emissions come from iron and steel making, this has both obvious and important consequences. (Wilson,2017) The production of aluminum was ten time more for China than America. China produced 60 % more than America, however Americas production declined by 25%, while Chinas increased by nearly 400%. Electricity generation is important and China has total electricity capacity increased from 344 to 1,100 gigawatts between 2001 and 2011. While Chinas primary energy consumption increased by 150% in a single decade, Americas decreased by 4%. (Wilson,2017) Coal is used a lot by China, today it consumes half of the worlds coal about four billion tons. America however is now using much less, with a decline of 20% between 2002 and 2012. (Wilson,2017) Looking at carbon dioxide emissions Americas is 50% higher than those in China, and a decade later China produced almost twice that of America and now produces more than America and the European Union put together and likely a decade from now China will emit at least three times more carbon dioxide than America. (Wilson, 2017) According to this source (Wilson, 2017) forecasting is futile however an illustrative statistical comparison to put possible energy futures of both America and China in context. Climate change is a shared challenge. The EPA collaborates with Chinas Ministry of Science and Technology on research to better assess emissions and their impacts, improve mitigation practice and technologies, and enhance sustainability. Areas of shared research include emissions that impact air and climate, water sustainability, computational toxicology, soil remediation, and toxic air pollutants. Also participating in government -wide EPA initiatives with China, is the United States. (EPA and OITA, 2017) Culture and the expectations within cultures affect all business transactions and it is important that all involved understand one another. (Pitts et al).ÂÂ   The US standard of ethics may have the potential for conflict, therefore an understanding of knowledge, of culture ethics, set expectations, and guidelines will play a role in these countrys success in working together. In conclusion it is clear that understandings of the energies and how they are studied, processed and utilized are important because they affect every human being and space around the globe and should be treated as a safety issue to mankind and the environment in which we live.